Wonders of Science

Science has done great service to mankind. Science has ensured life to be safer, surer and much more comfortable than ever before. Science has helped man to make computers, artificial satellites and robots. Science has given the Americans a defense umbrella in space and it has given the Russians a permanent space station. Russia, it is believed, will have an industrial city in space before 2050 A. D. This would be the height of achievement in the field of science and technology. Science has also helped the common man in many ways. It has given him the modern machinery which has helped to increase the production of food grains.The famines which took the lives of millions of people in the past have now become a distant thing, except in some African countries. Man who was travelling in bullock carts until two hundred years ago is now able to travel in supersonic jets which would take him around the world in twenty four hours. Science has also made communication easier with the invention of telegraphy and the telephone. The invention of the printing press has brought education in the form of books and newspapers to the doorsteps of every common man. Science has given man several means of recreation to spend his leisure time.The greatest wonder of modern science is that we can watch several events as they are happening on the other side of the world by sitting comfortably in our drawing rooms in front of the televisions. Satellite links of televisions have made this possible. Science has also given us the computer which can store a million times more of information in its memory than a human brain and bring them out the flicker of a second. The computer can also work out statistical data of all inhabitants of a city and can give details of any singular feature for several years. These wonders of science have certainly made our living easier and lively.

Overcriminalization Essay

In every nation, people are governed by a government. The very purpose of having a government is to have a highest authority to maintain peace and order in a nation. A government, through its legitimate authority and power, sets up laws and rules and every citizens are expected to follow. These laws are granted as a guide and ensure that the activities and affairs of every individual are within the context of legality, morality, accepted customs, and traditions and is not violating other people’s rights. Body In criminal law and even in the Constitution, crimes that are against people and properties are defined. This includes murder, rape, robbery, theft, among others. Corresponding punishment has also been provided for the purpose of distinguishing the legal standard of justice (Husak, 2008, p. 6). Significantly, justice is the very reason for penalizing individuals who acted beyond their right. However, justice also has standard that cannot just easily be measured. But the laws are controlling and in the context of the law, justice is served. On the part of every individual, he is given freedom to act, provided that he is not violating any laws. In the society, changes are also indispensable, like the existence of homosexuals. For these changes and acceptance of the people of taboos, many argue that overcriminalization exist in the criminal justice system of the country. Meanwhile overcriminalization refers to idea that laws regulating public morality may result in a substantial diversion of police, prosecutor, and judicial time, personnel and resources. In the medical and psychological arena, homosexuality is accepted; however such has been criminalized under the sodomy law established since nineteenth century (Greenbers, 1988, p. 455). Notably, During WWII, a man was convicted of 20- year in prison for running an entertainment establishment for homosexuals despite his effort in catching German spies (Greenbers, 1988 p. 455). Since then several men were indicted for a long year imprisonment because of heterosexual relationships. Gays’ and even lesbians’ acts and choice were controlled by law. A wrong choice would be equivalent to imprisonment. Since then the sodomy law has been challenged of its constitutionality. Several gays claimed that sodomy laws curtails their freedom to privacy and choice. However, the court stayed the legality of the law until 2003. In Lawrence v. Texas (539 U. S. 558), the petitioner, a man, was caught in his private room having carnal knowledge with a man. They were arrested for violating the sodomy law. In court, Lawrence raised that the law violates their constitutional right on equal protection, due process and privacy. After extensive debates, all sodomy laws were stricken out in all states and the gays and lesbians were liberated. Primarily, the court stressed that gays have Another overcriminalization seen is the prohibition on alcohol consumption. In the olden era, wine serves as medicine for several diseases and as pain reliever. Wine was also among the essentials in gatherings and ceremonies. Through time, many alcohol beverages were processed to make it more intoxicant. However, it was made a crime to consume alcohol and other form of intoxicants. The authorities argued that alcohol can make a drank an evil because of the effects of intoxication. Many crimes were committed due to drunkenness and to avoid further crimes, the law prohibited the citizens to take in alcohol. However, the curtailment of crime resulted to the violation of right. The legislature kept on defining numerous crimes instead of setting up a fairer standard that will regulate alcohol. At present, the law is still silent as to the issue on lowering of drinking age from 21 to 18 years of age. Many argue that adults below 21 year- old are penalized for consuming alcohol and considered it as ironical when they were granted political and civil rights at the age of 18. Through this, the law is seen to have overcriminalized. However, the law is becoming lenient because several adult below 21 are able to drink without being caught. While it may be observed that the law is becoming lenient on criminalizing some immoral acts, other forms of overcriminalization can be noticed today. Although liberations have been celebrated by various classes, the public is endangered of other being punished severely for petty crimes. With the death of sodomy law and alcohol bans, the liberty of the citizens are yet unsettled. After the 9/11 terrorist attack several laws were passed by the Congress to curtail terrorism. However, it has a drawback against the citizens. The Patriot Act which encompasses crimes of smuggling and money laundering is considered to have its way to overcriminalization. This is so because of the imposition of a grave penalty to a petty crime. An astonishing example is David McNab, a fisherman, who was charged for smuggling and money- laundering for bagging a 5. 5 inches lobster (Berlau, Making a Meth of the Patriot Act). . For a minor environmental violation, McNab is now serving a â€Å"multi- year sentence† (Berlau, Making a Meth of the Patriot Act). Many more types of overcriminalization are expected in the enforcement of the Patriot act because of the free access and intensified surveillance that authorities are able to do. In some states, overcriminalization do exist. In District of Columbia, the state law and even federal law prohibit the unauthorized use of the â€Å"Smokey Bear† emblems (Luna, 2005, p. 704). The lawful exercise of religious belief in school and in public placed are even punished or restricted due to the insistence of separation of church and state principle. Nevertheless, while overcriminalization may still exist, today’s regulation has become more lenient than before. Rights to same- sex marriage, common law relationship, and even possession of gun by private individuals are just some of the evidence of laws leniency. Since the feudal time, many changes have occurred that even various kinds of discrimination were eradicated. Many liberalists were overjoyed and are even lobbying for other rights that are made punishable by laws. As for them, the enjoyment of liberties is the real guarantee of democracy. Conclusion Since nineteenth century, the government’s authority was so broad in scope that citizens were enjoying a limited freedom. Any acts of immorality in eyes of the church then were also punishable by law. Several private rights were not recognized due to the controlling laws and unacceptability of the society of the changes. These led to the perception that overcriminalization is existing in the legal system. In the twentieth century, laws that impose punishments for immoral acts were invalidated by the courts. Indeed, overcriminalization has slowed a bit. However, due to the pending threat on security, the overcriminalization may be strengthened. But the civil liberty advocates are watchful of every government acts to avoid further curtailment of rights and eventually guarantees respect to democracy.

Positive Behavior Support Essay

In essence, Positive Behavior Support or PBS refers to the general approach for providing a resolution to problems involving behaviors which are shown or manifested by individuals with certain disabilities (â€Å"Fact Sheet: Positive Behavior Support†, 2005). These behaviors deemed problematic may include but is not limited to: self-inflicted injury, aggressive behavior, and other similar destructive actions; tantric behavior and other disruptive physical responses; irritating conducts which are repeated in excess which include   behaviors that interfere with an individual’s social or learning interactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive Behavior Support is founded on values which are focused on the individual which necessitates methods that are considerably positive and respect the individual’s sense of dignity. Moreover, interventions through the use of PBS are done on an individual basis and are taken from the comprehension of the individual and the individual’s surrounding environment. Interventions through the use of PBS are commonly characterized of many strategies which entail collaboration between two or more support providers and care givers. Lastly, the tasks under the PBS methods should involve developments in terms of social relationships and other variants of enhancements to the person’s ‘lifestyle’ and declines in behavior problems (Jackson & Warren, 2000, p. 1441).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PBS starts with the recognition and establishment of a support team consisting of people who are most related to the life of the individual in need of PBS. Apparently, the support team may be composed largely of the members of the family, friends, classmates and school teachers and other people who are related in a certain way to the person and to the person’s problem behavior (Amado & Rivera, 1999, p. 375). The PBS plan is usually under the helm of the responsibility of the members of the support team.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the team has been identified, an agreement concerning the general goals or PBS vision is agreed upon by the team through the method termed as â€Å"person centered planning†. After identifying the vision, the team begins with the scheme to obtain information regarding the problem behavior. Consequently, the team then jots down the PBS plan which is comprised of several components or which include strategies for: preempting the problem behaviors before they take place; teaching and giving increments to skills which are designed to change the problem behaviors; handling the problem behaviors if or when these behaviors do occur, and; for checking and observing progress in order to evaluate the progress of the PBS plan and to create adjustments accordingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, Tary J. Tobin (2007) argues for the use of PBS in identifying â€Å"ways to assess and measure behavior support practices in schools†, in developing processes which support classroom teachers, and contributing to sustainable â€Å"positive behavior support systems for students† with behavior problems which place them â€Å"at risk for emotional and behavioural disorders† (p. 2). The author specifically showed evidence on the application of PBS specifically Project FIVE or Functional Interventions in Versatile Environments in the development and sustainment of PBS in various systems such as School Wide System, Classroom and Non-Classroom Systems (Tobin, 2007, p. 2). The author was able to arrive at the conclusion that PBS benefits the aim of not only resolving problem behaviors but also preventing the occurrence of problem behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another case example is that of the observations of Lise Fox, Susan Jack and Linda Broyles (2005) which arrived at several notable conclusions. It was found out that PBS initiative has paved the way for life-changing results for children such as the decrease in the â€Å"number of children identified as having challenging behavior† who were then referred for mental health services (p. 13). The authors were also able to determine the conclusion that children are capable of understanding and following â€Å"behavior expectations† inasmuch as they â€Å"support each other in following classroom expectations†, are capable of making transitions from one classroom to another classroom with minimal or zero difficulties with regard to the observation that children â€Å"adjust to the classroom more quickly† (p. 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The findings of the reviewed articles relate to the rationale for using PBS— to provide a resolution to problems involving behaviors which are shown or manifested by individuals with certain disabilities—inasmuch as the methods used for meeting the goals of PBS directly meet the objectives. Tobin’s (2007) methods, arguments and findings were able to substantiate on the general application of PBS in schools and its desired effects on the resolution of problem behaviors. On the other hand, Fox, Jack and Broyles (2005) focused on a less general scope in the application of PBS—school children in the classroom setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two articles are only some of the many studies conducted in reaffirming the effect and effectiveness of Positive Behavior Support in providing answers to the problem behaviors of children especially young students with disruptive behaviors and in preventing the occurrence of these behaviors. Further, PBS is shown as a means of lessening the hindrances in the learning environments of students and children alike. Since PBS primarily involves the people who are closest or who are directly related to the individual in need of PBS, there is strong reason to believe that the individual will be able to overcome problem behaviors in the process. References Amato, P. R., & Rivera, F. (1999). Paternal Involvement and Children’s Behavior Problems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(2), 375. Fact Sheet: Positive Behavior Support. (2005).  Ã‚   Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:IQEnuBe9mtEJ:www.ucf-card.org/uploads/factsheets/1187875091_eng.pdf+Positive+Behavior+Support&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=13&gl=ph Fox, L., Jack, S., & Broyles, L. (2005). Program-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Supporting Young Children’s Social-Emotional Development and Addressing Challenging Behavior [Electronic Version], 1-17. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:sCY8zBaOfjEJ:challengingbehavior.fmhi.usf.edu/Kansas_Book_Web.pdf+Positive+Behavior+Support&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ph Jackson, Y., & Warren, J. S. (2000). Appraisal, Social Support, and Life Events: Predicting Outcome Behavior in School-Age Children. Child Development 71(5), 1441. Tobin, T. J. (2007). Systems of Individual Support: The Functional Interventions in Versatile Environments Project’s Pilot Study of Evaluation Tools [Electronic Version], 1-46. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www.uoregon.edu/~ttobin/measure.pdf

Personal education utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal education utopia - Essay Example Rawls viewed education as an opportunity for people to progress and transform their lives and an egalitarian society would be the one, which would provide â€Å"equality of opportunity†. This would mean that every child, regardless of his or her background, race, cast, color, creed, language, culture, ethnicity, social class, and others (Levitas, pp. 87-89), would receive the same opportunity to educate him or her and stand in lines with other (Schubert, pp. 67-68). Important here to note is that this equality of opportunity would not only mean that state would take up the responsibility for the education of its students and would pay all the expenses in this regard but it would also mean that all the resources and tools which complement educational progress would also be divided equally. For example, children from poor families or lower middle class families fail to afford computer, continued internet access, educational gadgets, personal transport, access to libraries, abili ty to hire private tutors and others (Halpin, pp. 78-79).For example, no student would have the permission or access to come to school by his or her own car and everywhere would come through school bus. Important here to note is the fact that under education would no longer remain a choice for the governments. They will not be able to label educational spending as expenditure but as an investment, an ongoing investment, whose investment levels even the governments could not cut down (Winch & Gingell, pp. 13-14; Levitas, pp. 87-89).

Validity of research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Validity of research - Essay Example The study conclusions not only reflect the main aim of the research but also reveal the impact of formal and informal learning in major enterprises in Scotland. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the managers as well as line managers. Observing the employees was another method of doing the research to ensure the unspoken details regarding company websites and annual reports were covered. Data collection and analysis was performed through interviews and observation which were appropriate for the study. However, another more effective and efficient method of doing the same would have been through the use of questionnaires, because the study involved various companies in different geographic areas. The researchers did have impacts on the study as they came up with other findings regarding lifelong learning in European countries through formal and informal learning. The timing of the study is one of the factors that impacted the findings of the study as it determines the method of data collection and analysis. Further research on small companies should be necessary to draw a better conclusion for the study because there are more small companies in European countries. The study by Swain and Hammond (2010) examines outcomes and motivations of higher education students who take part-time classes in UK. The study was successful in measuring and testing the efficiency of the research. The study has explored and measured other details regarding part-time students in UK including their mental health difficulties and their daily routine. The conclusion gives details of the provision of high quality tuition for both part-time students and mature learners in UK, which reflects the aim of the research. The research was conducted via data collection and analysis through face to face interviews in various locations, including the students’ homes and their place of work. Face to face

Opera market Political analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opera market Political analysis - Assignment Example Every organization carrying out any income generating activity has the obligation to pay taxes depending the existing rates and the amount of income (Christensen 1). For the company to maintain good political relations with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), it must pay tax promptly as applicable and fill tax return. Second, the company faces the task to adhere to the rules governing the intellectual property laws. Business ideas, logos, names or inventions need protection by the above law. Therefore, any emerging business such as the Opera House must adhere to such rules to avoid future squabbles with anyone who may intend to steal their business ideas. Applying for a patent through the US patents and trademark office may be a bold step to take towards registration of the opera services (Kendall 441). Opera being a movie production business issue like copyrights records have to be set straight. Third, the company will have to check with Environmental Protection Agency on which environmental rules and regulations apply to their and comply with them. Opera being an operator in the entertainment industry means some noise pollution regulations may apply to it (Tajtakova 365). There are also state environmental laws to meet with for example state of New Jersey has its particular environmental laws Finally, the workplace safety and health law is also a significant regulation the company will have to comply. Workers’ safety and health are critical. Therefore, the company have to comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). The company must identify the possible hazards to the employees and takes measures to minimize such

Can Love Be Bought With Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can Love Be Bought With Money - Essay Example In our society, many young girls in search of shortcuts to wealth want to get married to a matured person, preferably of the age of their father. Apparently, it does seem odd but they have a reason for it which they are not quite comfortable revealing. When asked why that is so, most of these girls would reply that they like aged men because they are more decent and matured as compared to young boys. This is hardly ever true! Apparently, when one of these girls gets married to an aged person, it seems that the old man has managed to buy love, but this is mostly false! In a vast majority of cases, the girl chooses to stay with the aged husband because, in the capacity of his wife, she is able to get his signatures on blank cheques. The girls retrieve money and assets from the aged husbands so that they can live a fulfilling life with their young boyfriends once the aged husband dies or they have retrieved sufficient money from him to seek the divorce. These aged men don’t buy l ove but are just used by young girls to become rich. A rich man is apparently able to get more friends than a poor man, but the friends only stay with him as long as they can benefit from his money. Rich men are often hidden in a circle of friends in social gatherings. An outsider may think that the rich man has a very strong personality or is a beloved person, but the fact is that the people around him are there for their personal interests. People seek rich people for friendship so that they can have financial support when they are in trouble.

Postwar Urban Development in the Golden Horseshoe Research Paper

Postwar Urban Development in the Golden Horseshoe - Research Paper Example The Golden Horseshoe population is dense which makes up one fourth of the total population in Canada. The total population of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was 8.1 million individuals according to census results of 2006 (MacFarlane 65). By the year 2031, the population is projected to grow up to about 12 million (MacFarlane 66). This shows that the expected growth rate per year is about 12.5 %. However, in the urban areas there are set density targets for the urban growth. The policies enable effective urban growth with fully developed structures.   The population figure puts the Greater Horseshoe to be ranked sixth among the most populated urbanized areas in the North America. It also has a strong economy that helps in the implementation of policies effectively, especially the plans that require financial investments. In this respect, the greater Golden Horseshoe was selected to be the headquarters for the world fortune global companies approximated as five hundred in number. This has made it to be among the worlds’ most stable countries economically.Growth Plan for Urban Development Generally, proper growth plan of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was produced in 2006, where several policies for growth management of these urban centers were incorporated. The policies are useful in guiding of planning decisions on the respective urban development areas. This reflects a planning vision of the Great Golden Horseshoe, which is the central development support for the nation.  ... This has made it to be among the worlds’ most stable countries economically. Growth Plan for Urban Development Generally, proper growth plan of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was produced in 2006, where several policies for growth management of these urban centers were incorporated. The policies are useful in guiding of planning decisions on the respective urban development areas. This reflects a planning vision of the Great Golden Horseshoe, which is the central development support for the nation. The government of Ontario prepared policies on the general growth plan of Golden Horseshoe. This plan was to promote a healthy growth that covered the whole Ontario. Growth plan for Horseshoe had major aims stated as revitalization of all downtowns to be vibrant and excellent centers, provision of good housing choices, protection of greenhouse and farming lands, and creation of good infrastructural facilities through better road network among other grand plans. Some of the policies in cluded the transit promotion, walking terms in the city and demand management of transport system (MacFarlane 77). The infrastructural policies were also effective in setting up standardized buildings and road network in the urban regions. This enhanced a faster development through transportation of commodities to the market effectively, without wastage. The population has a greater influence on the selected 25 urban centers’ population. The urban planning provisions were to recognize diversity in the 25 centers. The set density target for the urban is 400 jobs and persons per hectare. If growth plan on density is realized, then the municipality can then set the new minimum

Healthcare situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare situation - Essay Example Even though some Canadian citizens assert that they have never been forced to wait for medical services, protests concerning this resulted in all provincial governments publishing information concerning wait times for particular medical procedures in their area. The scarcity of physicians as well as other health care specialists is another big problem for Canadians. Many doctors from developing nations as well as the United States have been hired in the Canadian health sector to deal with this problem. The Canadian healthcare system provides enough evidence that socialized healthcare is not always the answer for providing every citizen with care options. While socialized healthcare plans provide a nation’s citizens with both private and public options, it is normally true that private options provide their patients with better care options than do public health schemes. The writer provides the examples of several Canadian citizens that have in the past been victims of Canada’s healthcare system even though they previously believed that they were in the nation with the best healthcare system. Suzanne Aucoin,and Dr. Jacques Chaoulli are Canadian citizens that offer different views on the problems of Canada’s healthcare system. Suzanne was a patient in need of immediate treatment. She was to discover, shockingly, that she was not able to access the drug recommended for her due to the fact that the public health insurance policy in Canada did not cover it. In order to get the medicine that would save her, she was forced to spend more in suing the Ontario government so that it would be compelled to cover her even if she ended up obtaining the drug from the United States. Dr. Jacques Chaoulli, on the other hand, is a doctor that ended up suing the Canadian government in court. He finally appealed his case in the Canadian Supreme Court. It is apparent that to control rising costs, health-care

The policies of a Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The policies of a Government - Essay Example United Kingdom has seen the development of these organizations at a massive scale, with the number extending into thousands while the number of political parties remains small. The public has immensely supported the petitioning of the State to succumb to significant issues, and thus the membership of these groups has increased greatly (History Learning, 2010) The issue under consideration is an environmental factor, which has been drawing the attention of billions around the globe; it is an ecocatastrophe that everyone faces, irrespective of cast, creed, gender, status or nationality. This environmental factor is the phenomenon of Global Climate Change, which has been highlighted in political and economic debates, and Greenpeace International is one of the first pressure groups that promote this issue on a world-wide scale (IPCC, 2007). The slogan holds an energy within itself, and provokes the desire to act immediately; Greenpeace has effectively used the terminology which strikes t he emotions of the people, such as Fragile Earth and needs. It focuses on creating awareness and realization that the world is heading towards a disaster, and brings this issue on main scale, by confronting the government policies and large corporations which have led to this environmental degradation, such as forcing Timberland (a major shoe manufacturing company) to sort out their supply chain.The energy system of UK has become antique, and need up gradation to be conducive enough for contemporary times, and thus Greenpeace has proposed.

Acknowledgement- master dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Acknowledgement- master dissertation - Essay Example XXXX taught me that to learn is to constantly challenge what I have learned. It was only through his support and persevering patience that I found the courage and will to overcome the many obstacles and vicissitudes on my way to finishing this dissertation. - My professors, XXXX and XXXX, for their helpful comments and insightful critique in guiding me through the techniques of dissertation writing and choice of topic. Their pragmatic realism coupled with constant encouragement allowed me to grow in both knowledge and character. - My beloved father, Dr. XXXXX, who stands as my role model in both my personal and academic life, for his unwavering support and prayers for my wellbeing and success, and for always being there for me; - My mother, my first and wisest teacher, for raising me to value knowledge and virtue, and for standing by me and encouraging me with her sweet words and unshakeable faith in my eventual success, not only in my graduate studies, for in everything I pursue in life. - My dear husband, XXXXX, for being the wind beneath my wings, and for being the wellspring of support and patience I needed to forge on. It is his belief and trust in me that saw me through the most difficult times in the course of my graduate

Core Areas of a Successful Business Essay Example for Free

Core Areas of a Successful Business Essay I.Ethics Leadership and ethics are more than closely related. They are one in the same. A famous quote by James MacGregor Burns sums up the correlation well, â€Å"Divorced from ethics, leadership is reduced to management and politics to mere technique.† (James Macgregor Burns) The quote touches on two very distinct differences. One aspect is leadership, and the other management. One who is a leader has the ability to inspire. He or she can inspire others to work harder, take on tasks thought to be impossible, and the leader could also inspire ideas. The ideas could come directly from a leader, or from those around him or her. A leader has complete clarity and vision. They also have a knack for overcoming obstacles and having others see and share their viewpoint. Another attribute that great leaders possess is the ability to show balance when handling various issues. They are able to balance ethic justice with ethic core. Ethic justice is defined by law and logic, as ethic core is defined by how it influences people on an emotional level. There have been various examples of ethical violations or moral ambiguity in business involving companies such as ENRON and TYCO. These companies were all about the perception of success. However, if someone were to investigate into the numbers, he would see there were serious problems. Hiding debt in dummy companies and offering excessive bonuses to executives are just a few examples of these violations. Where was the oversight? Well, the people who were in charge hand their hands out like everyone else. These individuals seemed oblivious to the consequences of their actions or those who would be hurt in the process due to their greed. Key decisions weren’t made at lower management level. Rather, they were being made at the executive level! Isn’t it the role of effective managers to prevent occurrences like this from happening? What is management’s position in these particular circumstances? Is there a specific procedure they should always follow? II.Processes of Management How do management and leadership differ from one another? It is best simplified by this quote from Peter Drucker, â€Å"Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.† The terms manager and leadership are commonly used to mean the same idea, although they serve different purposes. Mr. Drucker gives a glimpse of the differences within his quote. Management is defined as a process that is used within an organization to help accomplish goals. The overall process of management includes planning, organizing, leading, and utilizing individuals and resources available within the organization. Planning is all about strategy and positioning. Having a clear understanding of the company’s objectives will streamline the planning portion of the process. Being able to identify trends are critical in meeting the demands of a business. A well-developed plan will help diminish the chances of failure of an organization. The plan requires structure and a team to deliver the plan. It is important that the structure be in place, and everyone has a clear understanding of their role. The concepts of organizational structures have in practiced for nearly one hundred years. In 1919, a French economic theoretician Henri Fayol published a book titled Administration Industrielle. It was one of the first publications that outlined the various aspects of a functioning business structure. He spoke about how to best to divide the function of business: creating a unity of command, hierarchy of authority, division of labor, and putting in place clear channels of communication. (Nickels McHugh, 2010, p. 207) Another theory was developed by Max Weber. Max Weber wrote a book titled The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations. He shared many of the same theories as Henri Fayol. However, Max Weber was of the belief that less educated workers carried out tasks better if they were guided closely and given strict rules by middle management to be performed. (Nickels McHugh, 2010, p. 208) Today many of those theories are still practiced. Businesses have to develop strategies allowing them to be nimble. If a business is slow to react to the market demands, they could be left behind. This is a costly proposition for companies looking to expand. Organizations seem to be moving toward a decentralized authority. This empowers the managers and employees to make decisions based upon their market needs quickly. A faster response time translates into improved customer relations and builds brand loyalty. This type of strategy is found in retail department store chains. On the other hand many fast food chains believe in the concept of centralized authority. All decisions on purchasing and promotion come from those in upper management. This allows companies such as McDonalds to keep their product consistent. (Nickels McHugh, 2010, p. 210) It is unlikely that a drastic philosophical change within retail or fast food will take place anytime soon. There have been innovative changes within other market segments concerning team structuring and how to best respond to the demands of the consumer. For example, if a company wants to introduce a new product and bring it to market quickly they have the ability to pool their internal human resources. Simply put as bringing the best minds from all facets of the business and have them work on a specified project. This team is commonly known as a cross functional team. What is so unique about this team is that they are self-managed. They may also share different managers during the task. The engineer may work closely with the team on the design of the product. However, when it is time to distribute and brand the product the marketing manager may take over. They also work together on a long term basis fostering new opportunities. (Nickels McHugh, 2010, p. 218) Working in teams can be great at moving an organization forward and carrying out task delivered by management. Teams can also seize opportunity by having the ability to quickly respond to a changing market such as technology. The biggest advantage of working in a team would have to be communication. Working as a team has far more advantages compared to its disadvantages. Some of the drawbacks would be the team having or developing a disconnection from the corporation’s core values or a feeling that they are their own entity. This occurs when areas are departmentalized from other functions of the business. Sometimes, if a common goal is not reinforced, it can cause some employees to become disengaged. If you have ever been part of a team where one of the members is negative and disengaged it can become infectious. At a minimum it becomes a distraction and disruptive to the team and its progress. (Nickels McHugh, 2010, p. 212) At what point does leadership step in to take charge? What role, if any, does leadership play in business? III.Leadership Leadership is universal as the principles that define effective leadership are equitable worldwide. This is because leadership is mainly founded on principles that revolve around human relations. It usually requires one to be selfless. Individuals in leadership should always prioritize the needs of all the people who are under his command before his personal needs or interests. There are several styles that have resulted in effective leadership. These styles depend on the demands and requirements of the individuals involved and the tasks facing the institution. However, these styles have also been forced to evolve with the changes brought along by the 21st century. This section tackles the evolution of leadership taking into account various styles and use of varied examples in a bid to highlight and make the issue most comprehensible. Leadership styles revolve around three key points. The first includes the manner in which a leader gives guidelines or directions to his subordinates. Secondly, it is also determined by the method through which the leader implements his plans. Lastly, leadership style is also largely influenced by whether or not the leader motivates people to produce the desired results. Leadership styles are usually categorized into three different and unique styles when referring to individual leaders. One of the leadership styles that have been around for ages is the authoritarian or autocratic type of leadership. In this case, the leader gives the employees orders on what they want to be executed and the execution manner. An authoritarian leader usually is strict on the regulations and policies governing the employees of the company. An example of an authoritarian leader is a traffic police officer giving directions to motorists (Glanz, 2002). According to Glanz, a true leader is best characterized if he or she serves as a role model to others by promoting corporation between them. Moreover, one should also empower other individuals by giving praise where necessary or including them in the process of decision making. Lastly, a leader should communicate effectively to his employees on both his values and those that govern the organization. Another form of leadership style is democratic or participative type of leadership. In this case, the individual in the leadership position includes other people in decision making. Despite this, the leader is the one to make the final decision on the matters at hand. There is also a leadership style where the leader delegates the role of decision making to the employees while giving minimal or no guidance. This style is referred to as free-rein or delegative type of leadership. This style works well where the employees are competent, and the leader has confidence in them. Having any characteristics of these three leadership styles doesn’t mean you can’t enhance your role as a leader/manager with vision, value, and ethics. How does following these important guidelines improve your role as a leader? Leaders that impact businesses and employees on a daily basis know what they value. They also recognize the importance of utilizing their ethical behavior. The best leaders exhibit their values and ethics in their leadership style and actions. Defining your leadership ethics and values should be visible because you are living them in your actions every single day. A lack of trust can become a serious problem in many workplaces throughout the business world. If leaders never identified their values in these workplaces, the mistrust becomes understandable. If leaders have identified and shared their core values then living those values daily will create trust with everyone. Workplace ethics take the same route when the organizations leadership has a code of conduct and ethical expectation; they become an organization joke if the leaders fail to live up to their published code of ethics. Leaders that exhibit ethical behavior powerfully influence the actions of others including the employees that will eventually make that leader successful. As a leader, choose the values and the ethics that are most important to you, the values and ethics you believe in and that define your character. Then live them visibly every day in the workplace. Living your values is one of the most powerful tools available to you to help you lead and influence others. Just as in the business text of class; leaders must communicate a vision, establish their values, promote their corporate ethics, and embrace change, and stress accountability and responsibility among employees to become an effective leader in management. How could you improve your role as a leader/manager to become more effective? Managers are often seen as administrators and not leaders, depending on how we define leadership. The meaning of leadership is defined as promoting new direction either in people or organizations. It has nothing to do with being in a position of authority over others. What do we define as management? This is having responsibility for people and other resources with the goal of getting work done as efficiently and effectively as possible. The goal of the manager is to execute the directions promoted by the leader. Managers do not differ from leaders based on their personalities or styles as leaders are not just more lively, charismatic or larger than life managers. Any manager can lead by promoting new directions. Managers can be as inspiring as leaders even when they are wearing their managerial hat; hence, aiming to get work done efficiently, they try to inspire employees to improve performance rather than move them to change direction as leaders do. Both leaders and managers can influence quietly or by example without being charismatic. Any person can step into management, but the real question is how that individual is going to lead his people or team. Managers become successful only by understanding what it takes to be an effective leader to promote change with accountability. An individual can manage, but the true success of a powerful leader is the reflection of performance among its subordinates. An imposing leader knows how to manage as well as how to promote change effectively and positively from leading by example. Becoming an effective leader will eventually give an individual the success to reach his/her employees through positive influence and by achieving the high expectations handed down by the company objective. It is up to the individual leader on how he wants to manage his people in order to receive the best end-results. Taking all of these aspects into consideration, does someone in a leadership position have an obligation to motivate his or her employees, or is it up to the employee to realize his or her motivation? IV.Employee Motivation Many corporations today explore various strategies on how to improve production and motivate their staff to give one hundred percent toward the company’s goals. The most successful companies and organizations always seem to have extraordinarily strong leadership. There are many ways in which strong leadership can motivate the employees in an organization. Strong leadership can be used to energize a team in the workplace. A formidable leader should create a positive correlation between the workers and their employer. Moreover, the leader should be able to pool energy from each worker so as to improve performance and productivity as a team. Strong leaders have enormous reserves of spiritual, emotional and physical energy. The leader should be able to create a time for reflection of performance and also interpersonal evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of every employee. This is because the investment in employees helps to improve performance and also improve motivation (Adair, 1998). Powerful leadership in the workplace can help to motivate the employees through effective communication. Communication helps to influence employees to improve their performance. In addition, delegation of duties within an organization is carried through communication, and it is essential for employees to communicate their concerns in the workplace to avoid inconvenience. An influential leader is a person who listens to the grievances of the subordinates and provides possible solutions to improve the level of performance. Moreover, a prominent leader should also be empowered to solve problems and to suggest solutions for the problems affecting the employees in the workplace. This means the information from every employee should be handled with the respect it deserves, including a concentrated effort placed on improving interpersonal relations with their employees. This reduces conflicts and creates a platform for employees to act as a team (Advameg, 2012). One valuable method to motivate employees in the workplace is to mentor them and encourage them to grow and work as a team. This improves their partnerships and helps the organization to benefit in the long run. The fundamentals of motivation should be based on influencing the employees and helping them to achieve success. In essence, the leader should limit the regulations and set rules. Any change of an objective or rule should be communicated effectively to avoid frustrations which may be created by the confusion. It should also be understood that employees work effectively in an environment where there are reduced rules and regulations. The rules should be developed in such a manner that they enhance integration and cohesion within the workplace (Emmerich, 2009). Awarding the employees who have performed well in an organization is one of the ways which motivates them and improves their capability. The top leadership should ensure that there is the creation of incentive programs in which the best performing employees are awarded according to their performance in the workplace. The main purpose for creation of incentive programs is to show the employees that the organization values and cares about them. In addition, through the rewarding of performance employees are encouraged to continue to seek improvement in their job. The production of employees is prone to increase after they have been motivated using incentive programs Messmer, 1995). Incentive programs motivate performance through maximization of results. Outstanding performance over a period of time should be rewarded through promotion or through the provision of incentives. The incentives should be based on hard work and should vary from one employee to the other. This helps to improve competition and also to help motivate the weaker employees to increase their performance within the organization. The leadership has the obligation to create a program in which the top performers are rewarded according to their performance in the work place. Alternatively, the salaries and remuneration of the top performing employees should be increased to encourage them to work towards achievement of personal goals and objectives (Emmerich, 2009). Performance based on consistent meeting of the objectives should also be rewarded. Some form of compensation helps to encourage employees to invest their personal best into an organization. Employers who reward their subordinates on performance based on consistency have increased rates in meeting of personal goals and objectives. Rewarding the employees shows them that they are important, and increases their level of motivation, consequently leading to excellent performance. This also shows employees that they are highly valued and are significant assets to management. Furthermore, rewarding employees helps to retain them and increase their morale in the workplace. Employees should also receive unexpected rewards to express appreciation for all of their diligence on the job. This unanticipated compensation explicitly illustrates their importance in the organization (Messmer, 1995). One of the proven ways of motivating employees is the reduction of turnover in the workplace. Reducing turnover creates cohesion and trust among the employees. Reduction of turnover also helps to maximize potential through reduction of the costs of retaining valuable employees. When the numbers of employees are at an optimum level, the rate of performance increases. This means that hardworking and promising employees within an organization should be retained while the unproductive employees should be dismissed. Arguably, it is evident that employees who leave their employment have the reason of being unmotivated and unsatisfied. Good leadership would solve these problems while helping to improve performance in the long run. However, the individual who displays a sense of pride complimented with self-motivation is the most valued employee and a key contributor to the success of any organization. (Advameg, 2012). Operating a successful business is by no means any easy task. For lack of a better analogy, it’s like a well-oiled machine. All the pieces have to be working together and each piece doing its fair share of the work. If one were to go down, then the others have to pick up the slack for the malfunctioning section. In business, each position has to be working together to achieve successful financial as well as intangibly. If not, then a company could very well be on the path to failure.

History Of The Newspapers Of India

History Of The Newspapers Of India Newspapers are lifeline of every literate individual in India. With rising literacy rose the demand of newspapers in our country. In 1976, the literacy rate across India was not more than 35%. However, there was a remarkable increase in 2008 the figure was 74% by 2011. Rising youth literacy at the rate of 84% was a clear indication of rising number of potential readers. James Augustus Hickey is considered as the father of Indian press as he was the founder of the first Indian newspaper from Calcutta, the `Bengal Gazette` or the `Calcutta General Advertise` in January 1780. In 1789, the first newspaper from Bombay, the `Bombay Herald` was released,followed by the `Bombay Courier` next year. This newspaper was later merged with the `Times of India` in 1861 of Bennet, Coleman Co. Ltd.publishing firm. The first newspaper in an Indian language was in Bengali, named as the `Samachar Darpan`.The first issue of this daily was published from the Serampore Mission Press on May 23,1818. In the very same year, Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya started publishing another newspaper in Bengali, the Bengal Gazetti. On July 1, 1822 the first Gujarati newspaper was published from Bombay, called the Bombay Samachar, which is still existent. The first Hindi newspaper, the Samachar Sudha Varshan began in 1854. Since then, the prominent Indian languages in which newspapers have grown over the years are Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Telugu, Bengali and many other vernaculars. INDIA The 2010 Indian Readership Survey findings shows that the largest read local language newspapers to be Dainik Jagran (with 16.0 million readers) and Dainik Bhaskar (with 13.5 million readers), both published in Hindi. The Times of India is the most widely read English language newspaper ( 7.900 million), followed by Hindustan Times (3.9 million),The Hindu(1.8 million),Eenadu (1.7 million), The Sakshi (1.45 million). Malayala Manorama newspaper which is published in Malayalam from currently has a readership of over 9.9 million (with a circulation base of over 2 million copies) has the most circulation in other languages. However, in my research paper I would be concentrating on the English Dailies, whereby I would be giving a detailed description of these brands and comparing their marketing strategies and their overall distributions. THE TIMES OF INDIA images.jpg Punchline: Let truth prevail Times Group History The Times Of India was founded on November 3, 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, during the British Raj. Published every Saturday and Wednesday, The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce was launched as a bi-weekly edition. It contained news from Britain and the world, as well as the Subcontinent. The daily editions of the paper were started from 1850 and in 1861, the Bombay Times was renamed The Times of India after it was combined with three other newspapers. In the 19th century this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizable circulation in India and Europe. It was after Indias Independence that the ownership of the paper passed on to the then famous industrial family of Dalmiyas and later it was taken over by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Kunal Jain group from Bijnore, UP. Currently The Times Group is the largest media services conglomerate in India. It is headed by a family of two brothers Samir and Vineet Jain. The company has eleven publishing centers, fifteen printing centers, fifty-five sales offices, Over 7000 employees, five dailies, including two of the largest in the country with approx 4.3 million, copies circulated daily, two lead magazines, twenty-nine niche magazines reaching 2468 cities and towns, thirty-two Radio Stations, two Television News Channels, one Television Life Style Channel and turnover in excess of USD 700 million, timesofindia.com (2010) Times Brands Its major brands include: The Times of India, its the Worlds largest English-language daily newspaper in terms of circulation. The Economic Times, its the Indias largest financial daily, and the worlds second largest in terms of circulation after The Wall. Street Journal Maharashtra Times, Indias largest Marathi daily. Navbharat Times, the largest Hindi Daily in Delhi and Mumbai. Mumbai Mirror, Indias largest circulated compact newspaper. Kolkata Mirror, a city specific online portal Ahmedabad Mirror Pune Mirror Bangalore Mirror, Bangalores first morning compact daily The Times of India Kannada Times Private Treaties, Partnering Ideas. Accelerating Growth. Vijaya Karnataka, Indias largest Kannada daily. Radio Mirchi Indias largest FM radio networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Planet M Indias largest chain of music stores Zoom Lifestyle television channel Times Now Television News channel (in association with Reuters) Filmfare Indias largest English film magazine (published in association with BBC) Times Jobs Indias leading job portal SimplyMarry Indias leading matrimonial portal Magic Bricks Indias premier real estate portal According to the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2010, the Times of India is the most widely read English newspaper in India with a readership of 13.4 million. This ranks the Times of India as the top English newspaper in India by readership. According to ComScore, TOI Online is the worlds most-visited newspaper website with 159 million page views in May 2009, ahead of the New York Times, The Sun, Washington Post, Daily Mail and USA Today websites. Supplements The Times of India comes with several city-specific supplements, such as Calcutta Times, Bombay Times, Delhi Times, Hyderabad Times, Kanpur Times, Lucknow Times, , Nagpur Times, Bangalore Times, Indore Times, Pune Times, Ahmedabad Times and Chennai Times, The Times of South. Tabloids: Bangalore Mirror Ahmedabad Mirror Pune Mirror Mumbai Mirror Kolkata Mirror Indore Mirror Navbharat Times Maharashtra Times Mumbai Mirror MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF THE TIMES 1838: The first edition appears on 3 November 1838, known as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. 1850: Shareholders decide to increase the share capital and now converted to a daily newspaper. 1892: Thomas Jewell Bennett becomes the editor and enters into a partnership with F.M. Coleman to form a joint stock company Bennett, Coleman Co. Ltd. (BCCL). 1948: Sahu Jain Group became the owners of the company. 1952: Filmfare is launched. 1959: Femina is launched. 1961: The Economic Times is launched. 1991: BBC features The Times of India among the worlds six great newspapers. 1996: The Times of India crosses 1 million mark in circulation. 2009: Launch of ET Now A business news channel 2012: Launch of The Times of India, Kerala Edition THE HINDU download.jpg Punchline: Because you deserve to know. History: The Hindu, was started in 1878 as a weekly, became a daily in 1889 and from then on has been steadily growing to the circulation of 14,66,304 copies (ABC: July-December 2009) and a readership of about 4.06 million.The first issue of The Hindu was published on September 20, 1878, by a group of six young men, led by G. Subramania Aiyer, a radical social reformer and school teacher from Thiruvaiyyar near Thanjavur. Aiyer, then 23, along with his 21-year-old fellow-tutor and friend at Pachaiyappas College, M. Veeraraghavachariar of chingleput, and four law students, T.T. Rangachariar, P.V. Rangachariar, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu were members of the Triplicane Literary Society. The British-controlled English language local newspapers had been campaigning against the appointment of the first Indian, T. Muthuswami Iyer, to the Bench of the Madras High Court in 1878. The Triplicane Six, in an attempt to counter the dominant attitudes in the English language press started The Hindu on one British rupee and twelve annas of borrowed money. The assertive editorials of the newspaper earned The Hindu the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road. After 1887, when the annual session of Indian National Congress was held in Madras, the papers coverage of national news increased significantly, and led to the paper becoming an evening daily starting April 1, 1889. The Hindu uses modern facilities for news gathering, page composition and printing. It is printed in thirteen centers including the Main Edition at Chennai (Madras) where the Corporate Office is based. The printing centres at Coimbatore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Madurai, New Delhi, Vizag, Thiruvanathapuram, Kochi, Vijayawada, Mangalore, Tiruchirapalli and Kolkata are connected with high speed data lines for news transmission across the country. Currently The Hindu is family-run. It was headed by G. Kasturi from 1965 to 1991, N. Ravi from 1991 to 2003, and by his brother, N. Ram, from 27 June 2003 to 18 January 2012. The Hindu Brands Supplements On Mondays : Education Plus, Metro Plus , Business Review On Tuesdays : Metro Plus, Young World, Book Review On Wednesdays : Job Opportunities, Metro Plus On Thursdays : Nxg, Metro Plus, Science, Engineering, Technology Agriculture On Fridays : Friday Features, Cinema Plus On Saturdays : Metro Plus Weekend, Property Plus On Sundays : Weekly Magazine, Downtown, Retail Plus, Classifieds , Open Page, Literary Review , every first Sunday Apart from broadsheet newspaper The Hindu, the group publishes: The Hindu Business Line Business Daily Sportstar Weekly Sports magazine Frontline Fortnightly magazine Survey of Indian Industry An annual review on Indian Industries Survey of Indian Agriculture An annual review on Indian Agriculture Survey of the Environment An annual review of the Environment THE HINDU SPEAKS ON series Libraries, Information Technology, Management, Education, Religious Values, Music, Scientific Facts. FROM THE PAGES OF THE HINDU: Mahatma Gandhi The MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF THE HINDU 1940: First to introduce colour 1963: First to own fleet of aircraft for distribution 1965: The Times, London listed The Hindu as one of the worlds ten best newspapers 1969: First to adopt facsimile system of page transmission 1980: First to use computer aided photo composing 1986: First to use satellite for facsimile transmission 1994: First to adopt wholly computerised integration of text and graphics in page make-up and remote imaging 1995: First newspaper to go on Internet Hindustan Times ht_logo.gif Punchline: Live Smart HT History: One of the leading English daily newspaper with an approximate circulation as reported by Audit Bureau of Circulation is 1.4 million copies as of 2010. The Indian Readership Survey 2011 calculated that HT has a readership of (37.37 lakhs), ranking it as the second most read English newspaper in India after The Times of India. Most popular in northern India. HT Media has became a major stock in BSE NSE. Produced by an editorial team known for its quality, innovation and integrity, Hindustan Times (English newspaper) and Hindustan (Hindi newspaper) have a carved a niche for themselves in print industry of India. Hindustan Times came to existence in 1924 and was founded by Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab. Sadar Panikkar launched the Hindustan Times as a serious nationalist newspaper. Currently the Delhi-based English daily Hindustan Times is a part of the KK Birla group and managed by Shobhana Bhartia, daughter of the industrialist KK Birla and granddaughter of GD Birla. It is owned by HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group owns a 69 per cent stake in HT Media. In addition to Hindustan Times, HT Media also publishes a national business newspaper, Mint. Mint is a unique newspaper in the sense that the company has an exclusive agreement with the Wall Street Journal to publish Journal-branded news and information in India. Hindustan Times Brands Supplements: Print English Hindustan Times Hindustan Times Supplements Brunch HT City and HT Cafe HT Education HT Estates HT Live Mint HT Next PACE Metro Now Mint Supplements Mint Clarity through Debate Conclave Print Hindi Hindustan Nandan Kadambini Hindustan Supplements Print Digital Services Internet HindustanTimes.com HT Syndicationc. LiveMint.com Shine.com HT Mobile 54242 Desimartini.com Radio Fever 104 MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF HINDUSTAN TIMES September 26, 1924 : The date when Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated the newspaper Hindustan Times. 1927: Hindustan Times, became Hindustan Times Ltd., a limited liability company. 1936: The hindi version Hindustan is launched. 1942: The Hindustan Times became one of the few newspapers which stopped their publishing of the newspaper for four and a half months thus defying the British imposition of censorship on all newspapers. 1947: Hindustan Times became the dominant newspaper of Delhi. 1957: The newspaper circulation grew from 58,693 copies to 144,287 after KK Birla took over the baton from GD Birla. 1960: Launching of hindi literary magazine, Kadambini. 1964: Launched a youth magazine, Nandan. 1999: Completion of 75 years-Platinum Jubilee. 2000: Got more localised, five new editions for Calcutta, Bhopal, Ranchi, Chandigarh and Jaipur were launched. 2003: Got into HT Media Ltd. 2004: HT Media Ltd listed as a public company, thus attracting external funding. 2006: Fever 104 FM is launched, in collaboration with the Virgin Group. 2007: Mint, the business paper in partnership with the Wall Street Journal is launched in Delhi and Mumbai. Alongside Hindustantimes.com was relaunched and Livemint.com was introduced. 2008: Firefly e-Ventures, an HT Media Company came up with its first portal for job seekers, Shine.com; and alongwith it a social networkingwebsite Desimartini.com. 2009: HT Media ventured in the Mobile space with 54242 in partnership with velti.com

Media Propaganda Hides American Terrorism Essay examples -- September

Media Propaganda Hides American Terrorism    An article in this month's "Stuff" magazine for men, titled "Die American Scum" tells us that the world sucks. It sucks because while Americans have given other countries "Mickey Mouse, burgers and gum, won wars for them, kept the peace and disposed of dictators," all we have gotten in return is terrorism. The article, by John Parrish, goes on to discourage Americans from traveling to 10 "terrorist" countries including Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Colombia and Mexico.    While the article attempts to further the notion that evil terrorists in the rest of the world are out to get innocent Americans, like many other sources of contorted propaganda, it fails to look at why. Through the news, movies and magazines such as "Stuff," we are constantly bombarded with images of Middle Eastern terrorists, Colombian guerrillas or Mexican Zapatistas, all out to hurt Americans. But a look at the United States' own record and at the stereotypes bred by the media reveal that America's actions and policies generate hatred abroad. Furthermore, the image we have of a typical terrorist must be revealed for what it is - pure racism.    Ask any American what country poses the biggest threat to the United States today and most will say Iraq. Even little kids know that Saddam Hussein embodies all that is evil in the world. We see pictures of American flag-burning Iraqis and shudder with fear and confusion. But what do we expect? U.S. sanctions have caused the deaths of millions of Iraqis. How are these deaths different than those caused by so called "terrorists?" Our selfishness gives birth to a dangerous cycle. Sanctions create animosity toward the United States. This hatred may lead to terrorism... ...ontradictory actions that either further or exact terrorism. Obviously, any and all terrorism is bad. But we must open our eyes to America's own terrorist actions and look critically at why countries harbor hatred towards us. I remember watching TV and seeing Serbian youth in the streets last year angrily chanting against Americans as they tore up our country's flag. I felt afraid, but I also felt extremely guilty.    I believe that the citizens of other nations do not want to hate the American people. But when we sit quietly as our government attacks them, either with bombs or sanctions, what can we expect? We must actively resist the stereotypes and untruths that the media have the power to generate. In doing so, we can begin to show the people of other nations that we are on their side and we can decrease some of the hatred that underlies terrorism."   

Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Midsummer Nights Dream

The Power of Love in A Midsummer Night's Dream Is love controlled by human beings who love one another or is love controlled by a higher power? There are many people who believe that a higher power has control over love. An example of a higher power would be a cupid, a flying angel-type creature who is supposed to shoot arrows at people to make them fall in love. There are other people who reject the idea that a higher power controls love and that the people who experience love can control it. In the novel, "A Midsummer Night's Dream", by William Shakespeare, several examples of love's association with a higher power are presented. With the use of examples from the above novel, this essay will discuss the evidence that love is associated with a higher power. Examples like: Thesius arranging a marriage between himself and Hippolyta, Egeus choosing who Hermia should marry and the fairies who have the ability to control love in the Enchanted Forest. In the story, the supreme ruler of Athens, Thesius ends up marrying Hippolyta, the Queen of the Jungle. However, during the whole story, Hippolyta never throughly discusses her feelings and ideas about the marriage. She acts as if she has no choice but to marry Thesius. This can be proven by examining Hippolyta's position in the relationship between herself and Thesius. Hippolyta was captured by Thesius during battle and Thesius intimidates Hippolyta into marrying him since he is a supreme ruler and she was defeated by him. Thesius reveals that he capture Hippolyta in battle in the following quote, "I wood thee by my sword/ And won thy love doing thee injuries" (Act I, Pg 7). The above quote and the fact that Hippolyta never discusses her feelings about the wedding leads the re... ...elings of love in people. This proves that a higher power can control the feelings of love in people. In conclusion, all of the above paragraphs dealt with examples proving that love can be associated to a higher power. A higher power in definition is any being or group of beings that have direct control over the actions of another being. Two of the examples showed how a higher power can control love and one of the examples showed how love can defy a higher power and prevail. In any case, it has been proven that a higher power does exist when dealing with love. Many people have wondered what love really is and how love develops between people. Even if love isn't associated with a higher power in life, it is a strange phenomenon and so far the association of love with a higher powers is a valid suggestion as it was proven in the story, "A Midsummer Night's Dream"

An Analysis of Singing to Wolves Essay -- Singing to Wolves

   An Analysis of â€Å"Singing to Wolves†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The poem,   â€Å"Singing to Wolves† is a modern poem,   that tries to explain to the reader how wonderful solitude is,   but also considers it’s negative side,   with the example of a lonely girl.   The poem starts off with a brief encounter into the history of Wales,   and talks about the Llanthony monks,   who the reader is told were unloved by the Welsh,   and thus driven to a lonely life in the wilderness.   By reading this poem,   it seems as though being unloved is a popular reason for solitude.   After this brief insight into Wales’ history the reader is then taken back to the realms of modern day living.    â€Å"Why should we stay here singing to wolves?†    This opening sentence seems to act as a kind of question,   which is answered in the course of the poem.   At first it sounds like a stupid thing to do,   but eventually the reader realises that the wolves become very symbolic in the poem.   Wolves are thought of as being ruthless hunters of the wilderness,   and one could hardly imagine them being impressed by the singing of any person. For the monks the Wolves were those that despised them (the Welsh),   and by â€Å"singing† to them,   they were actually trying to convince them of their belief etc.   And seeing as no-one ever listened to them,   they may as well sing to the wolves,   as they take just as much notice of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However the wolves also have another interesting metaphorical meaning in the poem.   These days they no longer roam Britain,   and have all died out,&nb... ...flowers†¦Ã¢â‚¬     Another interesting thing that the poet makes use of is semicolons.   These are used throughout the three stanza’s.   The point of these semicolons is to make the sentences seem longer,   and bring a certain amount of continuity to it.    â€Å"†¦said Llanthony monks;   and left for soft living†¦Ã¢â‚¬     Once one has recognised the ideas behind the text,   one realises that the poem tries to make the reader think about the world he lives in,   and maybe even prompt him into looking more deeply into his way of life,   and try not to simply follow the pattern that everybody else makes.   The poet has don this by using the example of the monks in the past years,   and the little girl in our modern world.   Maybe he wants the reader to find a medium between becoming a statistic,   and singing to wolves.

Research Proposal Essay

1TITLE An assessment on how product branding effects consumer purchase decisions in Food Market Chain Group (FMCG) goods and durable goods. 2BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Branding is a vital element in a business. Without a brand, retailers may be confused or give the customers the wrong products, while the customers have to explain in detail the type of products they want to fully satisfy their needs and wants. It can therefore be assumed that a brand acts as a sign, name or symbol for products and services. The main aim of a brand is to identify the products or services of a seller or a group of sellers and differentiate an offering of a seller from that of its rivals (Kotler, 2003). In recent years, brand played a significant part in the market as the marketers added value to the brand to make it more preferable compared to other brands in the same market segment. For example, when quality rice is mentioned, most people will think of Tastic rice. This is just one of the successful branding strategies 3STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study is to know the effect of brand elements on customer purchasing decision. The brand elements are brand image, brand association, brand name, brand logo and brand awareness. The findings from the literature and the primary data shows that brand elements have significant impact on customer purchasing decisions as well as the success of the retailer. It is common knowledge that the customer’s choice is influenced by many surrogates of which the simplest of them all is the brand name. Products offered by the retailer may be equally satisfying but when the consumer is satisfied with some brand he or she is not willing to spend additional effort to evaluate the other alternative choices. Once he or she has liked a particular brand, the customer tends to stay with it, unless there is a steep rise in the price or discernible better quality product comes to his or her knowledge which may prompt the consumer to switch the brand. Companies spend a lot of money and time on the branding and thus it needs a careful evaluation on the effect of branding on consumer buying behavior. 3.1RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The above examples show that some customers prefer one brand over another even though that brand is more expensive. Price may not be the important factor while the psychological factor may be greater, for instance .Therefore, the research aims to achieve the following objectives: * To establish if any relationship exists between branding and consumer’s purchasing decision. * To identify the major aspects of branding that influence the consumers’ purchasing decision. * To examine the consumers tendency to recommend brands and its effects on purchasing decisions of their friends and family. * To establish the changes in the relationship between branding and consumers’ purchasing decision when other factors such as price are introduced. * To understand the choice of the customer on whether it is branded or non-branded goods. 3.2RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study will answer the following research questions: (a)Does any relationship exist between branding and consumer purchasing decision? (b)What are the major aspects of brand elements that influence consumer purchasing decision? (c)To what extent do consumers tend to recommend brands and the effects of consumer purchasing decisions on their family and friends? (d)How do other factors such as price when introduced affect the relationship between branding and consumers’ purchasing decision? (e)Is the choice of the customer branded or non-branded goods? 3.3Significance of the study To theory The research will help in a way because it equips readers with the requisite knowledge about how brands and their elements affect consumers’ purchasing decisions. Readers can learn through the suggested recommendations provided by the researcher hence they can be able to make wise purchasing decisions during shopping. Therefore it helps to bridge the gap in areas not being addressed and also to advance knowledge in product branding and consumer purchasing decisions. To practice The recommendations from the findings of the study may assist retailers in the Food Market Chain Group (FMCG) to effectively brand products that help them gain a competitive advantage by influencing consumers on their purchasing decisions. Therefore the research enlightens companies in the FMCG on not to spend a lot of money and time on branding and thus it helps them to careful evaluate on the effect of branding on consumer buying behavior. To self The research is conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements to acquire a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) Degree in Retail Management. The research also equips the student with the relevant skills and knowledge which he will acquire during the research. 3.4Limitations The following are the limitations envisaged in the carrying out of the proposed research: a)Availability of resources The researcher is a full time student with limited financial resources therefore it is a challenge to obtain the required material for the research. Money is needed for typing, printing and travelling costs to gather the required information. To cut costs the researcher will use questionnaires to collect data in order to cut expenses. b)Access to information The type of research will mainly depend on available information from leading retailers in the FMCG. Some of the Branch Managers may consider the information confidential depending on the aspects of branding asked to them by the researcher. They may fear that the information will be used against them by their competitors. Therefore the researcher will assure the information will be used for academic purposes only. c)Time constraint The research is running concurrently with final year semester courses therefore the time may be inadequate considering other important and competing academic commitments. Therefore to balance the forces the researcher will use a small sample of the population to save time. 3.5Delimitations The study will be carried out at leading retail supermarkets especially TM and OK supermarkets. The research is limited to the leading supermarkets because they offer all kinds of product brands. The respondents will include customers and employees of the retail outlet. 3.6Definition of terms Brand The name ,term, design and symbol that allow consumers to identify the goods and services of a business and to differentiate them from those of the competitors ( Jones and Hall 2008 ) FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) The industry includes food and non-food everyday consumer products that are usually purchased as an outcome of small-scale consumer decision so they are heavily supported ( advertising ) by the manufacturers. Customer Refers to a person, organization or other entity that buys goods or services from a store, person or other business. 4LITERATURE REVIEW 5 METHODOLOGY The sub heading outlines the techniques that are to employed by the researcher to collect the relevant data and its subsequent analysis.Haralambos (1992) postulates that methodology is concerned with detailed research methods through which data is collected and analysis of data are used. It discusses the research design ,target population and respective sampling techniques ,data collection methods and the research instruments. 5.1 Research design Fisher (2004) defines research design as the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed to structure or solve the problems.The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables us to answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible.Dawson et al (2002) postulates that a research comprises of redefining problems and is thus ,an original contribution to existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement.Therefore searching for information and presenting it is the job of the researcher. The qualitative approach is the best research methodology which leads to a better understanding of how product branding affects consumer purchasing decisions. The qualitative approach includes questionnaires, observations and interviews. Interviews will allow the researcher to probe the respondents for more information. Saunders et al (2007), notes that survey design is a popular and common strategy in business and management research. 3.2Study Population Frankel and Wallen (1996) highlights that the study population includes all individuals whom the researcher is interested in getting information from and making conclusions. They further explain that study population consists of those subjects whose characteristics are similar to those of the in the sample and one makes conclusions from the sample drawn from this study population. In this study a population will refer to TM supermarkets specifically in Harare, Gweru and Karoi.O.K supermarket Gweru can also be included for the research to be effective and also to cut transport costs to the researcher. 5.3Sampling Allison, Scott and Russel (2001) stress a sample as a group of subjects whom the researcher collected information. A sample is a small part of the population which has the same characteristics of the population. The concept of sample arises from the inability of the researcher to test all the individuals in a given population (Castillo 2009). Sampling is therefore a process of selecting group(s) of subjects for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected. The main decision which the researcher has to make is to whether go for a census or sample research. The sample was selected on a random basis that avoids bias and makes the findings more representative and credible. According to Kothari (2007) census means each and every element which forms part of the research will be investigated and sample means few elements which represent the entire research would be investigated. Practically it is not possible to conduct a census. Hair (2003) defines sampling as a process of selecting a relatively small number of elements from a larger defined group of elements so that the information gathered from the smaller group allows one to make judgments about the larger group. Sampling Techniques a) Random Sampling Method Basically there are four methods of sampling under random sampling. Simple random sampling is a method, which ensures that each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected to become part of the sample (Peatman 1947). Systematic sampling is when elements are chosen from the population at a uniform interval that is measured in time, order or space. Saunders et al (2007) describes stratified sampling as involving the dissection of a population into groups of strata along some dimension that uniquely distinguishes each stratum from the rest and is relevant for the information sought after. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into strata, with each stratum having relatively homogeneous elements. Once the strata have been identified a simple random sample is selected from each stratum separately, the sample corresponding to the proportion of elements in each stratum. Stratified sampling is used when the population is thought to consist of a number of smaller subgroups or sub populations such as male/female, different age/ethnic / interest groups, which are thought to have an effect on the data to be collected (Allison et al; 2001). Cluster sampling involves splitting the population into groups called clusters and is usually used when the population covers an area that can be divided by regions (Allison et al; 2001). The sample elements are then chosen from the different clusters to come up with one sample. b) Non Random Sampling Non-random sampling can be done through four ways, which are convenience, quota, judgmental and snowball sampling. Convenience sampling is where the sample is drawn for the convenience of the researcher. Convenience sample only includes those subjects that are immediately to hand (Allison et al; 2001). Quota sampling is where the respondent selection is in the same ratio as found in the general population. Judgmental sampling includes elements thought to be representative of the population and in this case the researcher attempts to come up with sample using judgment and the amount of error depends on the expertise of the researcher. Snowball sampling is commonly used when it’s difficult to identify members of the desired population (Saunders et al; 2007). The researcher adopted a non- probability sampling method because of limited resources at her disposal since it is based on available elements. Only operational managers and departmental heads of short term insurance brokers firms were targeted. Views were also taken from assistant insurance brokers. Sample Size According to Saunders et al (2007) the sample size is determined based on a 95% confidence rate interval, an estimate of margin of error and the total population which the sample was to be drawn. A general rule of thumb is to always use the largest sample possible. The larger the sample the more representative it is going to be, smaller samples produce less accurate results because they are likely to be less representative of the population (Wood and Haber 1998). The selection of respondents will the sample more representable of the retail sector and the findings credible. 2 questionnaires will be distributed per each retail supermarket. 5.4Instrumentation 4 Research instruments and Data collection For the purpose of this study, the researcher employed the survey design in which data was collected by way of questionnaires and interviews. This was done to ensure more internal validity of the research. According to Cohen and Manion (1980: 280), â€Å"the use of two or more methods in data collection is referred to as the triangulation method† The data sources can be divided into primary and secondary data sources. 3.4.1 Primary Data Primary data is that first-hand information collected directly from public. The data obtained through primary means usually accurate and provides more reliable information about the subject investigation. When primary data sources are used, data is acquired from the main source and is not derived from any pre-existing research. The primary data sources the researcher used in doing this research were (a) Questionnaires (b) Personal Interviews 3.4.1.1Questionnaires According to Saunders et al (2007) a questionnaire is a technique of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. Brian White (2000) postulates that a questionnaire is regarded as a series of questions; each one providing a number of alternative answers from which the respondents can choose. The questionnaire was used as this enabled the researcher to gather as much data as possible since the question was in both standard and open ended questions. Advantages (a) Questionnaires are cheap and the researcher does not incur high travel and accommodation expenses. They are printed on bond paper which is not costly though and need not to be necessarily colorful. (b) They provide anonymity of respondents and thereby giving assurance of their confidentiality. (c) Questionnaires are a relatively quick way of receiving a response. In some instances, the researcher had to wait while the respondents filled in the questionnaires and some of the questionnaires had to be collected a day after they had been dropped. (d) They avoid interview bias. Personal questions are often more willingly answered as the respondent is not face-to-face with the interviewer Disadvantages (a) As questions cannot be complicated, and need to be simple and straightforward, the richness of information that is sometimes collected with other methods is lost. (b) You may not receive a spontaneous answer as respondents may discuss the questions with others before completing the questionnaire. As all questions are seen before they are answered, the answers cannot always be treated as independent. (c) Respondents gestures and facial expressions could not be observed as these are essential communication signs that can effectively be used to evaluate responses. (d) The targeted respondents may not complete the questionnaire. For instance, a busy manager may ask a personal assistant to complete it on their behalf. Personal Interviews The targeted interviewees were busy people due to the nature and demands of their roles in their organizations therefore the researcher did not carry as many interviews as the number of questionnaires that were distributed. Appointments were made with respondents prior to interviews. Since the interviewees were busy with other company commitments, the researcher had to save on time and used a structured approach where a set of prescribed questions for the interview were set. Advantages (a) The real benefit of an interview is that you are face-to-face with the interviewee and thus any misunderstandings are cleared immediately. (b) In addition to the above benefit, also during the interview the researcher can re-word or re-order the questions if something unexpected were to happen. (c) The interviewer can encourage the respondents to answer as fully as possible and check as appropriate, that the question is correctly understood. (d) Response rates are usually higher than for other methods of questionnaire administration (e) Materials that need to be shown to respondents can be properly presented Disadvantages (a) They are time consuming, taking into consideration the length of the interview, the time taken traveling to and from interview and notes revision. (b) Interviews are subject to bias as some interviewees may tend to please the interviewer and as a result may not tell the truth. (c) Relatively costly time wise and in monetary terms. Secondary Data This refers to information from sources other than the main source, whereby some intermediate agent has compiled data or information in their own research and has now presented it as some part of a bigger study. This proved to be the most helpful method and thus accounts for much of the data used, especially in the literature review and the analysis sections of this research project. The Internet The internet unarguably forms the most endowed ‘library’ ever. The researcher accessed e-journals, e-books and works by other scholars and organizations via the internet. With ease, the researcher could check both technological and legal developments in electrical safety of other countries. Some of the questionnaires were sent to respondents via e-mail. Advantages (a) Provides the researcher with current updated information (b) The Internet is user friendly and provides the researcher with all referencing and cataloguing done electronically. Disadvantages (a) Internet speed and efficiency is dependent upon how congested the network server is and the higher the congestion, the slower it will be to retrieve information there from. (b) The internet is vulnerable to the virus risk. Computer viruses can easily corrupt documents before or after the researcher completes his work. Textbooks and Journals The researcher made reference to numerous text books and journals on competitive advantage. These journals and textbooks showed the researcher the different views of writers from all over the world. Data analysis and presentation Data collected from both primary and secondary sources will be analyzed and presented through tables, pie charts and graphs.

Kraske or jackknife position

IntroductionIn this variation of the inclined linear perspective, the patients head and feet ar some(prenominal) lower than the hips. The rogue tongue location is used around frequently for proctologic social functions. It is alike the gold standard in anorectal surgical procedures (Kneedler & Dodge, 1994).PositioningThe patient is either anesthetized unresisting and move flat, or is dictated in perspective before spinal anesthetic agent is administered. The hips be on a repose or towel directly all over the table break and the table is flexed 90, with the head and legs down. The patients blazon be on arm boards with manpower toward the head. The female genital organ may be separated by wide tape put at the level of the anus on both sides and secured to the table. The patient is taken out of the spotlight by first flattening the table and past reversing the order of causal agencys into the given puzzle. Arms are usually positioned over the head for play (Bailey & Snyder, 2000).Anesthesia FactorsOne of the near common concerns about the habituated jack knife position is the safe of the respiratory tract during anaesthesia. Patients are occasionally placed in lithotomy position preferably than the like prone jack knife position because of the concern for the airway. While patient base hit is a prime concern, in that location are no reports of the loss of control of airway during repositioning. Although this lack of evidence does not head off individual episodes, it does indicate that the heightened awareness has credibly minimized the risk to the patient to an unexceptionable level (Jaffe & Samuels, 2004).Patient FactorsIndividual physical demarcations of the patients occasionally impede the use of the jack knife position. corporeal factors that would prevent a patient from deceit prone on the operating table, such as obesity, pregnancy, and tense ascites, may use up the use of a different position. orthopedical con siderations, such as hip and genu joint problems, long leg casts, and kyphosis may be contraindications to this position. In these relatively rare circumstances, consideration should be devoted to the lateral position.Perhaps the single most meaning(a) patient factor is the shape of the buttocks (or depth of the gluteal c remaining). It was found to be an important factor in find out the patient position and type of anaesthesia to be used in the procedure (Spry, 1997).Surgeon FactorsThe primary reason that many surgeons opt the prone jack knife position is the excellent profile provided during anorectal procedures. The movie provided for office procedures, such as track of thrombosed external hemorrhoids or waste pipe of abscesses is not equaled by other positions. In the operating room, whether the surgeon is dissecting the rectum off of the prostate gland or vagina in an abdominoperineal resection or preserving the familiar sphincter during a mucosectomy for ulcerativ e colitis, visibility and lighting are key factors. Since the gluteal cleft is in horizontal or else than a vertical orientation in the prone jack knife position, igniter crumb be provided with overhead lights rather than headlamps. Similarly, more than one person can visualize the operating field without move or being in an embarrassing body position (Bailey & Snyder, 2000).Physiologic FactorsThe jack knife position has been described as the most precarious of surgical positions. Both internal respiration and circulation can be most adversely affected. Vital capacity is reduced repayable to restricted diaphragmatic movement and increased declension volume in the lungs, reducing lung ossification (Kneedler & Dodge, 1994).Careful positioning of patients when they are under anesthesia is crucial. Most surgeons focus on the avoiding reproach to peripheral nerves from prolonged embrace when positioning patients. However, an even more strong risk to overall patient well-bein g can result from the unintended consequences of anesthesia that may affect patient physiology. They embarrass compression of arteries, impairment of venous return, limitation of ventilation, and blood pooling. Many authors have examined the prone jack knife position to tax the potential physiologic impact.There are conglomerate reports about the cardiac personal effects of the prone jack knife position. If the patient is improperly positioned, transmitted pressure on the mineral vein cava may cause blood pooling in the lower extremities and result in decreased venous return. In one study, when patients were turned from the resupine to the prone position in that respect was a temporary decrease in cardiac ability however, when the patients were placed in the prone jack knife position the cardiac index returned to the level seen in the supine position.There was no change in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and planetary vascular resistance with change from the supine pos ition to the prone jack-knife position, but there was a decrease in the left ventricular stroke work index and a significant increase in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Overall, the effects of the jack knife position were alike(p) to other surgical positions and were believed to be pliant by experienced anesthesiologists.The effect of metier on pulmonary physiology in general and the specific effect of the prone jack knife position on alert capacity have been examined. When patients in the seated positing are considered to be baseline, there is a 9% decrease in rattling capacity in the supine position, a 12.5% decrease in the jack knife position, and an 18% decrease in the lithotomy position. The reduction in vital capacity is callable to obstruction of the movement of the diaphragm and to a lesser extent to the restriction of the anteroposterior movement of the ribs. This modest decrease is tolerated by most patients but merits careful monitoring during sure sedati on and general anesthesia (Bailey & Snyder, 2000).ReferencesBailey, H. R., & Snyder, M. J. (2000). ambulant Anorectal Surgery. New York Springer.Jaffe, R. A., & Samuels, S. I. (2004). Anesthesiologists Manual of surgical Procedures (3rd ed.). New York Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Kneedler, J. A., & Dodge, G. H. (1994). Perioperative Patient Care The care for Perspective (3rd ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Spry, C. (1997). Essentials of Perioperative care for (2nd ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland Jones and Bartlett Publishers.